Pertanian Surjan Hidupkan Pertanian Keluarga; Surjan Farming Retrieve Family Farming
berSURJAN di Desa Kamurang Cikande Serang Banten
Hidupkan Pertanian Keluarga dengan upaya peroleh pangan tambahan keluarga, khususnya di kala banjir tahunan
English version below
Riza V. Tjahjadi
biotani@gmail.com
Hujan yang turun selama beberapa hari pada medio Januari 2013 merendam sebuah desa di Kecamatan Cikande Kabupaten Serang selama 13 hari.
Desa itu bernama Bakung di wilayah Kecamatan Cikande Kabupaten Serang, Desa Bakung ini dilintasi jalan tol ruas Jakarta ke Merak pada KM 49-50.
Banjir terjadi nyaris setiap tahun sejak 1994. Banjir pada Januari 2013 itu merendam Desa Bakung sebanyak 3 titik areal persawahan padi dengan total seluas 83 hektar, dan 4 permukiman Kampung Kamurang, Kampung Talaga, Kampung Pematang dan Kampung Gatel dengan total 144 Kepala Keluarga (567 jiwa). Ketika banjir bantuan hanya dari Dinsos dan swasta (PT. Nikomas Gemilang), pihak operator jalan tol tidak malahan memberikan bantuan
Menurut Kepala Desa Bakung Nurasa: Hampir seluruh lahan pertanian di 3 titik desa Bakung tergenang (banjir) dan 4 kampung tergenang seperti di Kamp. Kamurang, Kamp. Talaga, Kamp. Pematang dan Kamp Gatel. Selama 13 hari terendam, bantuan hanya dari Dinsos dan swasta (PT. Nikomas Gemilang). Bahkan pihak Jasamarga pengelola Tol pun tidak perduli dan tidak memberikan bantuan. Dengan adanya rencana dari PMK HKBP Jakarta dan Tim/ Biotani Bahari Indonesia/ PAN Indonesia untuk meminta pemerintah membuat audit lingkungan kami sangat setuju. Bahkan kita juga kalau bisa ke pihak pengelola tol, karena dulu sebelum ada tol ini tidak banjir separah ini dan 2 (dua) jembatan yang dibangun di atas desa kita sangat prihatin (rusak dan sangat terjal).
Kerugian:
Lahan pertanian 83 Ha (dipastikan gagal panen) x 6 ton.
Ternak (bebek, kambing dan Sapi) diperkirakan senilai Rp. 40.000.000,-
Ternak kolam ikan senilai Rp. 30.000.000,-
Kerusakan pematang-pematang sawah dan selokan, Lumbung-lumbung yang tergenang,
Pupuk dan bibit yang tergenang.
Komunitas di Desa Bakung dan sekitarnya dalam budidaya tanaman pada lahan sawah adalah hanya mengacu kepada tanaman padi. Padi saja yang mereka tanam di lahan di desa itu, selebihnya: sayur-mayur, bumbu dapur/ rempah-rempah/ toga/ herbal, bahkan pangan jajanan - nyaris semuanya dibeli dari luar desa. Sementara itu pada sisi lain, Desa Bakung nyaris setiap tahun dilanda banjir. Karenanya dapat dibayangkan, betapa sulitnya penduduk desa memperoleh tambahan bahan pangan, selain beras, pada masa kebanjiran; terkecuali jika masih dalam bentuk gabah (sebagian terkena banjir).
Sebagai contoh banjir pada medio Januari 2013 telah merusak tanaman padi seluas 83 hektar, dari total 244,277 hektar lahan pertanian; luas desa 321,755 hektar berupa lahan darat dan rawa. Padahal di manapun petani selalu berupaya menghindari resiko kegagalan panen, memaksimalkan upaya pengamanan panenannya, maupun menganekaragamkan bahan pangannya. Namun resiko itu berada di luar jangkauan petani Desa lahan darat Bakung, begitu pula sumber-sumber bahan pangannya. Karenanya hal-hal pokok itu dipandang perlu untuk diusulkan kegiatan pengaayaan sumber bahan pangan,.dan disertai pula dengan penyelenggaraan suatu Dialog Publik antara Petani Desa Bakung dan badan pengelola jalan toll dan operator terkait.
Mengingat dan menimbang bahwa terlaksananya dialog publik dapat saja diselenggarakan pada satu kesempatan dalam sepanjang tahun, maka tanpa perlu mengundang diskusi soal-soal tersebut, maka Biotani Bahari Indonesia melakukan aksi lapang dengan pembuatan model pertanian campuran pangan utama dan bahan pangan tambahan, termasuk herbal pada luasan lahan berskala mikro, yaitu 21 X 23 meter, sejak akhir Mei hingga akhir Agustus 2013.
Sekilas/ ringkasan pengalaman pertanian surjan di wilayah terkena banjir tahunan di Desa Kamurang
1. Praktek pertanian di desa proyek hanya bertumpu kepada bertanam padi di sawah, dan ternak kambing, itik - keduanya dilepas tetapi tidak diangon, digembalakan, dan beberapa kolam ikan.
2. Pertanian pekarangan/ kebun tidak dikenal, atau tidak dipelihara sebagai sumber pangan tambahan.
3. Sistem pertanian campuran/ tumpangsari/ polikulture sudah dipahami tetapi belum banyak prakteknya di lahan pekarangan mereka.
4. Implikasinya: tidak ada tanaman non padi yang dibenihkan/ dibibitkan untuk penanaman berikut/ regenerative farrning.
5. Ketika dimulainya proyek pertanian surjan, yaitu lokasinya di halaman belakang rumah keluarga tertua di salah satu kampung, maka nyaris semua benih tanaman adalah berasal/ bersumber dari pasar (di Klaten Jawa Tengah, dan pasar pangan lokal ), terkecuali tanaman ”pagar“, yaitu kelor (drumstick tree), dan pandan-pandanan (pandanus, sp).
6. Terdapat berbagai kemudahan dan kedekatan ketersedian materi organik di sekitar lahan surjan. Yaitu sekam padi yang berasal dari penggilingan gabah (sekitar 25-30 meter dari lokasi lahan surjan), air dengan sistem pompa listrik tanah dari MCK untuk komunitas - yang tepat bersebelahan dengan lahan, kotoran kambing dari ternaknya keluarga pemilik tanah, dan dedaunan yang berguna sebagai pupuk dasar, dan juga sebagai pestisida hayati (botanical pesticide).
7. Pengenalan proyek surjan dari sejak awal mendapat tanggapan yang
sangat menggembirakan dari komunitas; banyak yang hanya menonton, tetapi
banyak yang membaur dalam kegiatan penanaman, dan juga pemanenan.
Mereka adalah perempuan dan anak-anak, tidak ada yang tampak canggung
mengerjakan pertanian.
8. Nyaris semua tanaman pada lahan surjan berhasil tumbuh organik, dan dapat dipanen, tetapi tidak tanaman semua memberikan panen yang memuaskan; di antaranya: ketimun banyak terserang penyakit buah; alhasil panenannya sedikit. Pepaya pertumbuhannya sangat lambat, tercacat hingga Januari 2014 papaya belum memasuki tahap berbunga. Sebaliknya (Juni hingga November 2013 silam) kangkung, bayam, kacang gude, kacang roai tampak berkelimpahan panen mingguannya, begitu juga tanaman pare/ paria. Dengan kata lain, budidaya sayur/ hortilkultura/ tanaman obat yang cepat panen dan berulang dapat dilakukan selama satu musim tanam serentak pada lahan berskala rumah tangga.
9. Hasil panenan per tanaman bagi pengelola lahan surjan secara kuantitatif tidak mencukupi sebagai lauk, jika seluruh anggota keluarganya ikut mengonsumsi. Karena jumlah jiwa dalam keluarga jumlahnya sekitar 20 orang; sementara lahan surjan didesain untuk ukuran satu keluarga berjumlah 4-5 orang saja,
10. Sistem pembenihan dan pencadangan (seed storage and stocking) belum tersentuh selama periode proyek surjan, karenanya untuk tahap pengembangan/ perluasan masih membutuhkan benih tanaman dari pasar lokal.
The small scale surjan
Size of farm: 20.80 (east to west) X 23.70 (north to south) meters as a newly farm, previoualy idle land (sometimes for volley ball) in front of a public toilet with six doors and washing clothes.
Farm situation: slightly slope with almost 20 degree.
Type of soil: clay, dark brown.
Amount of shrink bed: 3 rows with 55-65 Cm deep, plus 1 row with narrow and shallow and five rows full upper bed.
Source of irrigation: water tank of toilet and rain water.
Source of fertilisers: sekam padi, paddy husk, and goat dunk.
Source of seeds: non-rice seeds buy from the market, in Klaten of Central Jawa, and, then, provided from local market at Kamurang
Size of farm: 20.80 (east to west) X 23.70 (north to south) meters as a newly farm, previoualy idle land (sometimes for volley ball) in front of a public toilet with six doors and washing clothes.
Farm situation: slightly slope with almost 20 degree.
Type of soil: clay, dark brown.
Amount of shrink bed: 3 rows with 55-65 Cm deep, plus 1 row with narrow and shallow and five rows full upper bed.
Source of irrigation: water tank of toilet and rain water.
Source of fertilisers: sekam padi, paddy husk, and goat dunk.
Source of seeds: non-rice seeds buy from the market, in Klaten of Central Jawa, and, then, provided from local market at Kamurang
Overview the surjan farming within an area affected by annual man-made flooding
1. agricultural practices in the village project is just resting to rice cultivation in paddy fields, cattle and goats, ducks-are both removed but not herd, grazing, and several fish ponds.
2. the farm yard/gardening is not known, or not maintained as a source of additional food.
3. mixed farming system/intercropping/polyculture already understood but not much practice
4 the implication: no non-rice crops were seeded/ nurseries for planting the following season/ regenerative farrning
5. when beginning a project surjan, its location in the backyard of one of the oldest family in the village, then almost all seed plants was derived/sourced from the local markets (in Klaten, Central Jawa, and local food markets in Cikande Serang), except the plant fence, namely kelor (drumstick tree), and pandan (pandanus pandanan-, sp).
6. There are a variety of convenience and immediacy of availability of organic matter around the land surjan. The rice husk from grain milling (approx. 25-30 meters from the location of surjan demo farm), water with electric pump system of public bathroom, toilets and washing (MCK, mandi cuci, kakus) for community; meanwhile animal manure came from this family of goats, and the foliage is useful as a basic fertilisers, and pesticides as well as their botanical pesticide.
7. the introduction of surjan project from the beginning has got a very encouraging response from the community, many who only watched, but a lot that were involved in planting activities, as well as harvesting. They were women and children, none of which seem awkward working on the farm.
8. Almost all plants has been organically grown within surjan, and can be harvested, but not the plants all give a satisfactory harvest; among them. Cucumber, for example, has not well fruitfully when since it was attacked by diseases. Papaya has been very slowing, until January 2014 papaya has yet entered the fruiting stage. On the contrary (June to November 2013) Kangkung (morning glory), spinach, beans, nuts as “kacang gude” and “kacang roai” seem abundant harvest on a rotational basis, so also plants pare/pariah.
9. Crop yield per plant within surjan farm quantitatively insufficient as main food for family managed it, if the whole members of the family come to eat. Because the number of people in families numbering around 20 people, while surjan model designed for a total family size with 4-5 persons only,
10. Seeding system and backup (seed storage and stocking) untouched during the period the surjan project, therefore for the development stage/expansion still takes a seed plants from the local markets.
Backgrounding
S u r j a n, what is?
Surjan cultivation system is one of mixed cropping systems characterised by differences in surface height on a land area planted. This height difference of at least 50 cm. In English, the system is equated with alternating bed system. From these lines form the name ' is used, because surjan is similar to traditional clothing strip at patterns made from Yogya, surjan striated.
In the lower field, surjan called ' the valley ' and ' high hills '. The valley is usually planted with rice in the rainy season. During the dry season, a valley planted with crops to take advantage of residual water moisture is left. The hill can be planted with various commodities, usually grass or fodder crops. In some places in Jawa that has the paddy fields, the hills were planted with fruit trees such as mango or orange/ lime.
In places that often have a surplus of water in the rainy season, parts of the valley is used as the controller of excess water, excess water into a reservoir. Plants growing on the hill will be safe from high water. High puddles not interfere with the growth of the plants on the 'hill'. Surjan system is used in several places in the south of Yogyakarta and Purworejo and Kebumen in Central Jawa.
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_budi_daya_surjan
The main objective of the system surjan in tidal land is to share the risk of failure of farming in order to survive when the rice crop failed (FTP Team UGM, 1986). Surjan system is widely adopted by farmers in Kalimantan and Sumatra, especially farmers transmigration from Jawa and Bali.
The local farming community such as in Kalimantan are not many know this surjan farming systems, but they use the term tembokan that his philosophy is slightly different (Sarwani et al., 1993 1994). Cultivation surjan also practiced by swamp farmer in Malaysia (Mensvoort, 1996; Tri, 1996). Meanwhile in Thailand popularly named as Yok Rong, as flood control in lowland agriculture (Tjahjadi, 1993)
Surjan implies elevating some of the land to dig or dredge the surrounding soil. In practice most of the topsoil is taken or extracted and used to elevate the field of land beside lengthwise to form surjan. Region of elevated land called tembokan (raise beds), being excavated areas or under the so-called tabukan or ledokan (sunkens beds).
Land planted the top of staple crops (corn, soy, nuts, and tubers), horticulture, fruits, and also plantation crops, land being the bottom (tabukan or ledokan) planted with paddy rice. Agriculture with surjan system developed in many wetlands. By way of making and preparation of the soil layer is formed surjan, surjan can be divided into two types of models or types:
1) the traditional model and 2) innovative and creative models. In the traditional model is made by putting a layer surjan section dug into the top layer coherently so most likely the top layer consists of a bottom layer surjan (subsoil). On innovative and creative models surjan layers prepared in accordance with the original sequence. The traditional model is very dangerous when placed as a layer under the top layer is a layer surjan high levels of pyrite.
Based on the manufacturing system, surjan can be divided into two ways of making that is 1) made at once, and 2) be made in stages. Making surjan require a lot of labor that is approximately 500 person-days per hectare.
Source: Dr. Ir. Abdul Madjid, MS. Pengelolaan Kesuburan Tanah Sulfat Masam* Oleh: Masayu Rodiah** dan Abdul Madjid Rohim***
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